A Comparative Analysis of Resistance Manifestations of Afghanistan in the Poetry of Sayyed Abūtaleb Mozaffari and Jaber Qumayha

Abstract 
Contemporary undesirable events in Islamic countries have given rise to resistance literature. Resistance literature is one kind of committed literature. Such literature, due to social, political, and historical issues of each nation, has different reflections compared with other periods. We can name Abūtaleb Mozaffari, the Afghan poet residing in Iran, and Jaber Qumayha, the Egyptian poet, as two of the many poets who write in this genre. Sayyed Abūtaleb Mozaffari dedicated the greater part of his book to the resistance and sacrificing of Afghans. He, in his poetry book How an eagle dies?, worked on the distasetful and adverse life events of the Afghan nation. Jaber Qumayha, the Egyptian poet, did so as well because of being in the border areas near Afghanistan and witnessing all kinds of transgressions against the frontage of this Muslim nation. He reflected his literary commitment in his poetry book To the Jihad of Afghans ... I Sing, and wrote about Asghans' bravery. In the present study, the authors have made a comparative comparison of these two poets' resistance ideas in order to illuminate the difference in their common themes of resistance. Jaber Qumayha, as an Egyptian poet, looked at Afghanistan's resistance literature from the viewpoint of a committed poet; However, Sayyed Abūtaleb Mozaffari was present in the jihad as one of the Mujahedin. This difference in viewpoint has added to the literary beauty of their poetry. In this comparative study, we surveyed the common themes of the two poets' books, based on the American school. We concluded that the manifestations of resistance such as the reflection of suffering and hardship during war, the spirit of fighting, the memorial of martyrs, being left behind the caravan of martyrs, inviting to alliance and avoidance of dissension, and cultivating the spirit of hope and self-belief have a very high frequency in these two books.
 
Key words: Afghanistan's Resistance Literature, American School of Comparative Literature, Common Themes, Sayyed Abūtaleb Mozaffari, Jaber Qumayha
 
1. Introduction
The bloody events in Afghanistan have lead committed poets to reflect on them, to the extent that the concerns  of such poets have manifested colonial oppressions and the encouragement of the people and various segments of society to resist them. Sayyed Abūtaleb Mozaffari, the Afghan poet residing in Iran, and Jaber Qumayha, the Egyptian poet, have pointed to the political and social crises in Afghanistan in modern times, and defended the oppressed and homeless nation of Afghanistan.
 
2. Methodology
The authors have surveyed the common themes of the two poets' books and comparisons of resistance poetry in the poetry of the contemporary poets Sayyed Abūtaleb Mozaffari and Jaber Qumayha in Iran and Egypt. This comparative study was conducted using the content analysis method based on the American school of comparative studies.
 
3. Discussion
Sayyed Abūtaleb Mozaffari and Jaber Qumayha are two famous poets of Persian and Arabic literature. This study aims to compare the components of resistance literature in the poetry of Sayyed Abūtaleb Mozaffari and Jaber Qumayha based on the frameworks of comparative literature and to reveal the common themes of resistance in the works of two poets. Considering the similarities between these two poets in terms of the central components of resistance literature and some literary features, it can be claimed that Sayyed Abūtaleb Mozaffari and Jaber Qumayha are also among the poets whose poems have semantic commonalities.
In short, the main themes of Sayyed Abūtaleb Mozaffari's and Jaber Qumayha's poetry in the field of resistance literature include condemning the presence of foreign armies in Afghanistan; warning enemies of enmity with Afghanistan and threatening it; praising the position of the Mujahideen and martyrs; and inviting to unity, patriotism, and avoidance of dissension.
 
4. Conclusion
A comparative study of the poems of Seyed Aboutaleb Mozaffari and Jaber Qumayha showed that:
- Many factors have played a role in shaping the resistance thoughts of the two poets, the most important of which are personality traits; personal experiences; cultural, social, ideological and historical issues.
- The manifestations of resistance such as displaying suffering and hardship during war, the spirit of fighting, the memorial of martyrs, being left behind the caravan of martyrs, inviting to alliance, cultivating the spirit of hope and self-belief  have a very high frequency in these two works.
- Sayyed Abūtaleb Mozaffari has sought help from natural elements such as winter, social conditions such as poverty and deprivation, and religious segregation in condemning people's dissension and inviting them to unity, while Jaber Qumayha has used mystical interpretations, Qur'anic images, and religious teachings. He has warned against secession, division and dispersal, and called for unity among Muslims. Sayyed Abūtaleb Mozaffari, due to the prevailing atmosphere in the text, has linked the verses to myth and has used the mythological elements of Shahnameh to connect the past and the present in a new and modern form. Jaber Qumayha has not neglected the use of myths, especially religious ones, and in the meantime, the presence of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in his poetry is more colourful compared with other myths.