Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch
2 M.A. in Persian Language and Literature
Abstract
1.Introduction
Resistance literature usually describes the heroism, struggles and sacrifices undertaken by a nation or ethnic group against another nation or ethnic group that is occupier or aggressor (Mirsadeghi, 1998, 16. Sangri (2005) considers the struggle against internal tyranny or external aggression in all political, cultural, economic, social, and resistance spheres to be at the heart of the works of sustainability literature. (p.45). In contemporary Persian language and literature, the poetry of the Islamic Revolution, especially that of the 60s coinciding with the Holy Defense, "is a reflection of the militancy, stability and heroic mobility of contemporary Iranian youth in protecting the borders and homeland of their ancestors" (Rastegar Fasaei, 2002, 363). "Holy Defense Poetry is a combination of epic and lyrical layers and didactic veins" (Farhadi, 2018, 194).
Although Iraj and Houbare is a lyrical poem, its composition during the imposed war and its incorporation of epic themes and concepts, has made "the study of the cycle possible within the context of resistance literature, culture of the front, and war literature" (Mirabedini, 1999, 174). Qasem Larbon (Rahimian) was born on January 1, 1914 in Babol. Larbon's nickname, in addition to referring to his birthplace, expresses his love and affection for Mazandaran. He worked as the French language teacher of the high schools of Babol and selected writing as his main occupation. More than 20 works of fiction, several plays and a collection of poems are the result of his work (Mirabedini, 2009, 3). The poem Iraj and Houbare, as his first book of poetry in 1011 lines, was first published in 1984. Larbon died on October 23, 2012 in Tehran. Addressing sustainability literature separately in poetic, prose, and even dramatic formats requires its own audience; But it seems that writers and poets have so far failed to present a remarkable work combining sustainability literature and lyrical literature. Larbon has been able to highlight these two issues in the form of a long and beautiful cycle, and now, the title "Epic of Love and War", has provided the motivation and necessity of the present study.
2. Methodology
This research is written based on a descriptive-analytical method and its unit is the verses and lines of the poetic cycle. Due to the fact that the lines of verses are not numbered, the reference to the verses is based on the page number of the book (printed in 1984). The statistical findings of the research are based on the percentage of frequency of components and variables in relation to the whole poetic cycle, which is also shown in the form of a diagram.
3. Discussion
Larbon is not a poet of revolution and war; but, the spirit of fighting against oppression, resistance and persistence against the ruling power is depicted in the form of chronology in stories such as: "Nestless Birds" (2000), "Bitter Bread" (2003), "Spark in the Dark" (2007) and "Abyss" (2009) and in the poetic cycle of Iraj and Houbare, he has portrayed this spirit against the aggression of the external enemy.
The literature on the stability of the Iraj and Houbare poetic cycle is examined in eleven components. National symbols are one of the most important components of the resistance literature in this collection; The name 'Iraj', one of the main characters in the story, is associated with the ancient ancestors and national symbols of the glorious history of Iran. The name of 'Fereydoun' and the reference to 'generation' and 'pure origin' also emphasizes the national symbols. The use of the names of 'Iraj' and 'Fereydoun' at the beginning of the poem shows that Larbon considers the historical and mythological nature of these men, and the story of Larbon's Iraj is also reminiscent of Iraj of Shahnameh. Respect for the homeland is another component highlighted in this collection such that Iraj prefers his homeland to his beloved and sacrifices his life to protect it. Expressing bravery and heroism is another component of the sustainability literature. In the poetic work of Iraj and Houbare, such bravery is not exaggerated but is depicted naturally and dramatically from a real scene. Martyr and martyrdom are among the main themes of the literature of sustainability, especially in the era of Sacred Defense, whose sanctity is multiplied by religious values. Larbon provides a magnificent description of Iraj's martyrdom in this poem.
However, in the poetic works of resistance literature, no work with this theme can be found. However, in the poetic work Iraj and Houbare, the lyrical aspect of the poem is dominant over its epic aspect; But Larbon has been able to address all aspects of defense and war, including the role of women as one, which has received special attention due to the love story of this collection. The other part of the epics and poems of stability is related to the period after the brave martyrdom of the men in the field of struggle, which is also mentioned in this poem which depicts the conditions and states of Houbare and Iraj's mother after Iraj's martyrdom. Addressing the issue of war, battlefields, and operations is one of the components which has been widely reflected in the sustainability literature.
In this poem, too, this important point is well illustrated in the letter that Iraj writes and sends to Houbare; this letter does not contain the usual romantic words of the lover and the beloved. The other components that can be referred to in this collection includes: description of the actions of the enemy, the eternality of the martyr, the use of military terms and phrases, and prioritizing the love of the homeland over the love of the beloved which is well illustrated throughout the collection.
4. Conclusion
Resistance literature, which is tangible in all periods of a nation's history based on the prevailing political and social conditions, and is crystallized in the poetic and prose works of poets and writers, is a literary manifestation of resistance and perseverance. The study of resistance literature in the lyrical collection of Iraj and Houbare shows that according to the findings, the frequency of resistance literature in the collection is 26.9%. Although the lyrical aspect of the collection dominates the epic aspect, Larbon looked at different aspects of resistance literature. Larbon has well been able to align the components of the resistance literature with the lyrical theme of the collection, which supports the research hypothesis. The opposition of ideal love and love for the earthly beloved has led the collection toward the literature of resistance.
A tangible, true story taken from the contemporary history of society, which is not only made by the poet, but beyond that, is on a subject the audience is familiar with and identifies with it. Among the components of the resistance literature, due to the composition of the collection in the context of the imposed war, battlefield staging and military terms have become more frequent than other components. Another feature of this work is the role of the family, especially the mothers and wives of the Holy Defense warriors, which was not paid much attention in other works of the poetry; However, this component is not an insignificant issue considering the content and lyrical load of the collection - if not highlighted - and it has become more frequent than other components.
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