نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• مهدی خادمی کولایی ¹
• نسیم حسن پور ایلالی ²

¹ استادیار گروه زبان و ادبیّات فارسی، دانشگاه پیام نور

² دانشگاه پیام نور

چکیده

جنگ از دیرباز­ یکی از مشئوم­ترین و مذموم­ترین رخدادها در جهان بوده؛ امّا همین پدیدۀ زشت هرجا که سمت­وسو و صبغۀ دفاعی به خود گرفته، عملی شرافتمندانه و شجاعانه قلمداد شده­­است. با آغاز جنگ هشت­سالۀ عراق علیه ایران، گونۀ تازه­ای از ادبیات با عنوان ادبیات دفاع مقدّس و جنگ در ایران پا به عرصۀ وجود گذاشت و داستان‌نویسان به تبعِ نوع رویکردشان به جنگ که شامل ارزش­محور، جامعه­محور، انتقادمحور، انسان­محور و یا تلفیقی از آنها بود، به بازنماییِ هنریِ برداشت­ها و استنباطات خود از این واقعۀ عظیم پرداختند. پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و با استناد به منابع کتابخانه­ای، نقطۀ آغازِ نگاهِ انسانی به جنگ و سیر ِرو به­ تزاید آن در طول جنگ و سال‌های بعد از آن را در ادبیات داستانی مورد بررسی و تجزیه و تحلیل قرار داده­­است. برآیند تحقیق نشان می­دهد که علیرغم غلبۀ گفتمانِ حماسی و ارزش­محور در بستر زمانی جنگ، برخی از نویسندگان از همان ماه­های آغازین مخاصمه با رویکردی انسانی به آفرینش آثار داستانی پرداختند و با گذر زمان، خصوصاً فاصله‌گرفتن از سال­های جنگ، توجه آنان و دیگر نویسندگان به مضامین والای انسانی و موقعیت بُغرنجِ انسانِ قرارگرفته در شرایط خاصّ جنگ، افزایش یافته و این روند در طول دهۀ 80  به اوج خود رسیده‌است.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

• ادبیات داستانی جنگ
• گفتمان غالب
• موقعیت ناپایدار
• نگاه انسانی

عنوان مقاله [English]

An Investigation and Analysis of the Appearance and Persistence of the "Human Look" in the Fiction Literature of the Imposed War

نویسندگان [English]

• Mehdi Khademi Kulaei ¹
• Nasim Hasanpour Ilali ²

¹ Assistant professor of persian language and literature, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran

² M.A. in Persian Language and Literature, Payam-e Noor University, Sari, Iran,

چکیده [English]

1. Introduction
Considering that no work - especially, falling within fictional literature, written just months after the beginning of the war - containing the human view of war from the first literary reactions (1359) to the first half of the 90s has been under a careful step-by-step analysis, the significance of this study is undeniable considering the present gap.
2. Methodology
The present study is based on a descriptive-analytical method, using library resources containing  the human view of war and its evolution during the war and the subsequent years in fictional literature.
 
3. Discussion
In this section, while offering some examples containing the human view in war stories from 1359 SH. till now, the researchers will investigate and analyze components like pacifism, interest in ending war, considering some human characteristics such as fear, the desire to continue living, considering all men in war equal from humanistic viewpoint, having transnational view, the fact that all men involved in war deserve life, etc., which have been reflected in stories of the Imposed War. The traces of this view first emerged in months after the beginning of war in the years 1359 and 1360 A.H., reached a notable bloom in stories of the 1370s SH. and reached its climax in the 1380s SH.
4. Conclusion
Most of the stories and novels created in the 1360s SH,were often written in propaganda, propagative, and in response to the cultural and political tendencies of the time because of falling within the war context. Because the time requirement urged them to turn to an epic expression to make the ground for a more passionate presence and companionship of people on the difficult path of war. But in the meantime, from the earliest days of the war, and when there was still a surge of defense and persistence, some storytellers have seen the true evil and violent nature of war, with greater clarity and a wider horizon and a more human consciousness. Also, while legitimizing defense, they have expressed their desire for lasting peace throughout the world. Thus, the starting point of the human view toward war can be seen in the year 1359 SH, in the middle of war. This view was taken in The Scorched Earth by Ahmad Mahmoud and other writers of the 60sand such a view was extended more deeply and comprehensively to the works of other writers in the next years. As the war ended and its problems and consequences, such as destruction, displacement, the painful life of the disabled war veterans, etc., were more revealed, the hidden aspects of the war also became the focus of the fiction writers. In the 1380s SH, the human view toward war approached a naturealism in the works of a number of writers, leading to the expression of some major war taboos, and at times, formed into a sharp critical and anti-war pride. From the late the 1380s SH and the early the 1390s SH,  there was a return to the defensive and epic view of the 1360s SH  in war fictions. The fiction writers of these works strive to display the earthly atmosphere of war field, alongside all the sacrifices, devotions and inevitable human feelings of nostalgia, fear, and dependency in the warriors, and they depicted the warriors with all the negative and positive human traits, such as anger, fear, love, courage, etc.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• War fictions
• The dominant discourse
• Unstable situation
• Human view