نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• مونا اسالم نژاد گیلوائی ¹
• مرتضی مسرور علی نودهی ²

¹ پژوهشکده گیلانشناسی، دانشگاه گیلان

² گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران

چکیده

به‌رغم به پایان‌رسیدن جنگ تحمیلی، پرداختن به تجربۀ زیستۀ حاضران در این نبرد و راویان دست اوّل رویدادهای رخ‌داده در اسارتگاه‌های دشمن، همچنان یافته‌های جدید و بدیعی از این واقعۀ بزرگ به دست می‌دهد. هدف این تحقیق، استخراج مضامین مرتبط با پایداری در خاطرات آزادگان و سربازان حاضر در جنگ تحمیلی هشت‌سالۀ ایران در برابر حملۀ رژیم بعثی عراقی است. برای انجام‌دادن این کار با رویکرد جامعه‌شناسی نیروهای نظامی به بررسی خاطرات منتشر شدۀ سربازان و آزادگان گیلان پرداخته شده‌است. این آثار شامل 30 کتاب هستند که به شکل سیستماتیک و به روش تحلیل مضمون مورد بررسی قرار گرفته‌اند.
بررسی متون نشان می‌دهد که برخی از عام‌ترین مضامین قابل تصور در زمان اسارت که خصلتی جهان‌شمول دارند، در میان خاطرات نقل‌شده نیز به چشم می‌خورند. ویژگی‌هایی نظیر «مقاومت»، «درون‌گروه و برون‌گروه»، «ایثار»، «مجاهدت»، «حساسیت/ باور مذهبی»، «مدارا»، «تعصّب» و نظایر آن در جای‌جای این خاطرات مشهود است؛ با این حال، در کنار این خصائل عام، تعلّق به خاستگاهی مشترک و برخورداری از ارزش‌های مشابه، به بروز تفاوت‌هایی در «خرده‌فرهنگ اسارت» منجر شده‌است که جای بررسی و تأمل بیشتر دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• مقاومت
• دفاع مقدّس
• تحلیل مضمون
• جامعه‌شناسی نیروهای نظامی
• خاطرات رزمندگان دفاع مقدّس

عنوان مقاله [English]

Sociological Analysis of Resistance Themes in the Narratives of Gilani Captives about Holy Defense

نویسندگان [English]

• Mona Asalemnejad Gilvayi ¹
• Morteza Masroor Alinoudehi ²

¹ Guilan Research Center, University of Guilan

² Department of Social Sciences, Literature and Humanities Faculty, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran

چکیده [English]

 
 

Introduction

Addressing the memories of the freedmen can be useful from different aspects. On the one hand, by keeping their memory alive, drawing the space they experienced and the experiences they left behind helps to understand the conditions of captivity and can be used in the field of training soldiers, and on the other hand, paying attention to these characteristics, conditions and various consequences of captivity lead to a better judgment regarding the requirements of this situation and paying attention to the strategies of captives in order to adapt as much as possible to the prison environment. It is obvious that in this case, the view combined with sanctity and free from any weakness in all prisoners of war becomes a comprehensive view that shows the beauties and ugliness of the phenomenon of captivity during the war in an authentic way and relying on documents and First-hand narratives expose the audience to recognition and judgment.
War is one of the most complex social phenomena that strongly affects societies, and its effect includes all systems, sub-systems and social institutions. Therefore, war is a group conflict whose most important feature is the order and organization that governs it. One of the hidden sections in the sociology of war, which gradually emerged as an independent field, is the sociology of the armed forces, whose mission is to discover the relationship between the armed forces and the society, the structure of the armed forces, and subculture of these forces. The present research can be considered one of the few efforts in the field of sociology of armed forces in Iran. To do this, by adopting a quasi-phenomenological approach, an attempt is made to investigate the memories of Guilani prisons of war to the common themes in the intersubjectivity of these people, and to turn the apparent plurality and diversity in their narratives into the axes of coherence. and to centralize it so that it is possible to draw the image of captivity as experienced by the main body of prisoners of war.
 
Methodology
The method used in this research is thematic analysis developed by Clark and Brown. The steps they want are (1) "familiarity with the data" which requires "immersion" in the data and includes tips such as "reading the data repeatedly" and "reading the data in a is active. During this stage, the researcher tries to get a correct understanding of the atmosphere governing the text and the relationship between the concepts by referring to the materials several times. (2) careful study of the text and extraction of primary codes; (3) "Searching for themes" which includes the categorization of different sub-themes in the form of sub-themes and the initial integration of these sub-themes based on theoretical foundations; (4) "revision of the themes" which includes the review and purification of the themes and gives an initial and coherent narrative for validating the themes; (5) At this stage, "naming and defining themes" takes place, which is done by relying on the following examples of each theme to answer the main research question and design the final model; and (6) the final stage of "presenting the report" which includes the final analysis and writing the results and findings. In the interpretation of some, "stability and resistance is an absolute concept that belongs to various phenomena and gives them color, smell and shadow of specific meanings. This approach is related to the works related to the memories of the prisoners of war, which on the one hand express raw narratives, or on the other hand, by creating novels based on these narratives, to create stories in the context of the experience of captivity - as imagined It could have existed - they take action. The present text is an attempt to go beyond this duality in order to sociologically examine memories of war prisoners and extract themes hidden in raw memories.
 
3.Discussion
In this research, by using edited oral memories, we tried to extract the hidden themes in the narratives of Gilani prisoners of war from the years of captivity. In this way, the main focus is on the "topic", which gives a different analysis from the content analysis. One of the main elements that distinguish the stories of war and holy defense from other stories is the theme... the authors have moral and didactic concepts such as martyrdom, self-sacrifice, and courage. and veterans and such concepts have tried to pay their respects to the warriors of the eight years of holy defense. The themes investigated in this research are "resistance", "in-group and out-group", "Sacrifice", "Endeavor", "Religious sensitivity", "Compatibility with conditions", "Tolerance and bigotry".
The experience of war and captivity can be considered as one of the unique and exceptional experiences that usually a small part of the population of a country experience it. During the Iran-Iraq war, the experience of being in the prisons of the Baathist regime became a common memory of Iran's prisoners of war. As mentioned, the purpose of this research is never to try to integrate the memories of these prisoners. Captivity is a unique narration that every person looks at from the window of senses, personality, circumstances, family and religious origin and many other factors. The aim of this research was an effort to extract the common themes hidden among the existing scattered materials. Among the various examples and manifestations presented, conflicting and possibly contradictory content can be seen. A person confidently states that among the people belonging to his tribe, province, or religion, there was no informer or self-soldier, and another person speaks of the punishment of one of his fellow provinces for being an informer. Someone portrays Iraqis as completely uncompassionate and cruel people, and another speaks of the devotion of an Iraqi to Imam Khomeini, which makes him more tolerant of Iranian prisoners. On the one hand, we hear about the insults and insults of the common people of Iraq, and on the other hand, we hear about their tears when they meet the captives and the hands that are stretched over the heads and faces of the captives as a sign of blessing.
Also, with a more detailed look at the data, one can see elements and components that are precisely due to people belonging to a specific subculture. It's as if being a Gilani or a Gilak meant acting on certain behavior patterns or thinking in a certain way. Sometimes, referring to the rainy climate of Gilan, being in Iraq is considered to be a double difficulty for the people of Gilan. Sometimes, the torture of prison guards is depicted as more painful than providing them with water for drinking and washing. Sometimes Gilaki language is used as a tool and media to express what "can't" be expressed in Persian language. Sometimes, being deprived of drinking tea, which is considered as a kind of public torture, is considered more painful for a Gilani, and finally, although it is not possible to issue a general and definite verdict about all the prisoners and even the Gilani prisoners, but by studying In all the published memoirs, the impression is formed in the mind of the reader that the culture of moderation and moderateness was common among the Gilani captives, because on the one hand insulting other cultures and in some way self-superiority is evident in the studied texts. It doesn't work, and on the other hand, there is no code that can be considered extremism and religious extremism.
As mentioned, the main (comprehensive) theme of this study is "the lived experience of war and captivity". In the second level, the organizing themes include epic spirit, reactions to issues, humanitarianism, values, freedom, approaches based on violence and rupture. It seems that the experience of war and especially captivity can be explained and interpreted to a large extent with the help of these components.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Resistance
• Holy defense
• Theme Analysis
• Sociology of Armed Forces
• Memories of Holy Defense soldiers